Effect of seed layer on the performance of ZnO nanorods-based photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

In this paper, zinc oxide nanorods (ZnONRs) were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at 90 °C by using zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine as precursors. In a first stage, the ZnO NRs were grown on un-seeded and pre-seeded fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates by direct CBD method to study the effect of the ZnO seed layer on the NRs structural, morphological and optical properties. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis performed on the preseeded NRs revealed a pure ZnO hexagonal wurtzite crystalline phase, while the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) unveiled that the pre-seeded NRs exhibit a smaller diameter, higher density, higher aspect ratio and improved orientation along the c-axiswith respect to the un-seeded NRs. In a second stage, the powder obtained by aging, centrifuging and drying the precipitates formed during the CBD growth was analyzed by XRD to assess its crystal structure and phase purity and subsequently coated on un-seeded and pre-seeded FTO glass substrates by doctor blade technique. The ZnO NRs based seeded and non-seeded films fabricated by the two methods were finally used as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Interestingly, the employment of pre-seeded ZnO NRs films deposited by doctor blade technique in comparison to the counterpart electrodes synthesized by direct CBD growth has led to a noticeable increase in the DSSC photoconversion efficiency from 0.35 to 1.86%. On the other hand, the inclusion of the seed layer has effectively improved the fill factor of the DSSC I-V curves for both the photoanode deposition techniques.